id,congress,number,title,topic,transmitted_date,in_force_date,countries,index_terms,resolution_text 95-26,95,26,CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF MILITARY OR ANY OTHER HOSTILE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES,International Law,1978-09-22T00:00:00Z,,,"ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION, ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES, MILITARY OR ANY OTHER HOSTILE USE, PROHIBITION", 95-25,95,25,PROTOCOL AMENDING THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE HIGH SEAS FISHERIES ON THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN,Fisheries and Wildlife,1978-06-05T00:00:00Z,,,"FISHERIES, FISHERIES PROTOCOL, HIGH SEAS FISHERIES, NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN, NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN FISHERIES, PACIFIC OCEAN", 95-24,95,24,ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL I TO THE TREATY FOR THE PROHIBITION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN LATIN AMERICA,Arms Control,1978-05-24T00:00:00Z,1981-11-23T00:00:00Z,,"ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL I, LATIN AMERICA, NUCLEAR, NUCLEAR WEAPONS, NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN LATIN AMERICA, PROHIBITION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS, TLATELOLCO, TREATY OF TLATELOLCO PROTOCOL", 95-23,95,23,TAX CONVENTION WITH MOROCCO,Taxation,1978-05-02T00:00:00Z,1981-12-30T00:00:00Z,Morocco,"INCOME TAX, MOROCCO, TAX, TAXATION", 95-22,95,22,TREATY WITH BOLIVIA ON THE EXECUTION OF PENAL SENTENCES,Extradition and Criminal Assistance,1978-04-14T00:00:00Z,,Bolivia,"BOLIVIA, EXECUTION OF PENAL SENTENCES, PENAL SENTENCES, PRISONERS, SENTENCES", 95-18,95,18,INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION,Human Rights,1978-02-23T00:00:00Z,,,"DISCRIMINATION, ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, HUMAN RIGHTS, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, UNITED NATIONS","[103] TreatyRes. 23 for Treaty Doc. 95 - 18

TEXT OF RESOLUTION OF ADVICE ANC CONSENT TO RATIFICATION AS REPORTED BY THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS AND APPROVED BY THE SENATE: Resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein), That the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 21, 1965 and signed on behalf of the United States on September 28, 1966 (Executive C, 95-2), subject to the following Reservations, Understanding, Declaration and Proviso: I. The Senate's advice and consent is subject to the following reservations: (1) That the Constitution and laws of the United States contain extensive protections of individual freedom of speech, expression and association. Accordingly, the United States does not accept any obligation under this Convention, in particular under Articles 4 and 7, to restrict those rights, through the adoption of legislation or any other measures, to the extent that they are protected by the Constitution and laws of the United States. (2) That the Constitution and laws of the United States establish extensive protections against discrimination, reaching significant areas of non-governmental activity. Individual privacy and freedom from governmental interference in private conduct, however, are also recognized as among the fundamental values which shape our free and democratic society. The United States understands that the identification of the rights protected under the Convention by reference in Article 1 to fields of ""public life"" reflects a similar distinction between spheres of public conduct that are customarily the subject of governmental regulation, and spheres of private conduct that are not. To the extent, however, that the Convention calls for a broader regulation of private conduct, the United States does not accept any obligation under this Convention to enact legislation or take other measures under paragraph (1) of Article 2, subparagraphs (1)(c) and (d) of Article 2, Article 3 and Article 5 with respect to private conduct except as mandated by the Constitution and laws of the United States. (3) That with reference to Article 22 of the Convention, before any dispute to which the United States is a party may be submitted to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under this article, the specific consent of the United States is required in each case. II. The Senate's advice and consent is subject to the following understanding, which shall apply to the obligations of the United States under this Convention: That the United States understands that this Convention shall be implemented by the Federal Government to the extent that it exercises jurisdiction over the matters covered therein, and otherwise by the state and local governments. To the extent that state and local governments exercise jurisdiction over such matters, the Federal Government shall, as necessary, take appropriate measures to ensure the fulfillment of this Convention. III. The Senate's advice and consent is subject to the following declaration: That the United States declares that the provisions of the Convention are not self-executing. IV. The Senate's advice and consent is subject to the following proviso, which shall not be included in the instrument of ratification to be deposited by the President: Nothing in this Convention requires or authorizes legislation, or other action, by the United States of America prohibited by the Constitution of the United States as interpreted by the United States.

" 95-19,95,19,"INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS",Human Rights,1978-02-23T00:00:00Z,,,"95-19, CULTURAL RIGHTS, ECONOMIC RIGHTS, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS, INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON HUMAN RIGHTS, RIGHTS, SOCIAL RIGHTS, T.DOC. 95-19, UNITED NATIONS", 95-20,95,20,INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS,Human Rights,1978-02-23T00:00:00Z,,,"CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS, CIVIL RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS, INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON HUMAN RIGHTS, POLITICAL RIGHTS, RIGHTS, UNITED NATIONS","[102] TreatyRes. 17 for Treaty Doc. 95 - 20

TEXT OF RESOLUTION OF ADVICE AND CONSENT TO RATIFICATION AS REPORTED BY THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS AND APPROVED BY THE SENATE: Resolved, (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein), That the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 16, 1966, and signed on behalf of the United States on October 5, 1977, (Executive E, 95-2), subject to the following Reservations, Understandings, Declarations and Proviso: I. The Senate's advice and consent is subject to the following reservations: (1) That Article 20 does not authorize or require legislation or other action by the United States that would restrict the right of free speech and association protected by the Constitution and laws of the United States. (2) That the United States reserves the right, subject to its Constitutional constraints, to impose capital punishment on any person (other than a pregnant woman) duly convicted under existing or future laws permitting the imposition of capital punishment, including such punishment for crimes committed by persons below eighteen years of age. (3) That the United States considers itself bound by Article 7 to the extent that ""cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment"" means the cruel and unusual treatment or punishment prohibited by the Fifth, Eighth and/or Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. (4) That because U.S. law generally applies to an offender the penalty in force at the time the offense was committed, the United States does not adhere to the third clause of paragraph 1 of Article 15. (5) That the policy and practice of the United States are generally in compliance with and supportive of the Covenant's provisions regarding treatment of juveniles in the criminal justice system. Nevertheless, the United States reserves the right, in exceptional circumstances, to treat juveniles as adults, notwithstanding paragraphs 2(b) and 3 of Article 10 and paragraph 4 of Article 14. The United States further reserves to these provisions with respect to individuals who volunteer for military service prior to age 18. II. The Senate's advice and consent is subject to the following understandings, which shall apply to the obligations of the United States under this Covenant: (1) That the Constitution and laws of the United States guarantee all persons equal protection of the law and provide extensive protections against discrimination. The United States understands distinctions based upon race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or any other status -- as those terms are used in Article 2, paragraph 1 and Article 26 -- to be permitted when such distinctions are, at minimum, rationally related to a legitimate governmental objective. The United States further understands the prohibition in paragraph 1 of Article 4 upon discrimination, in time of public emergency, based ""solely"" on the status of race, colour, sex, language, religion or social origin not to bar distinctions that may have a disproportionate effect upon persons of a particular status. (2) That the United States understands the right to compensation referred to in Articles 9(5) and 14(6) to require the provision of effective and enforceable mechanisms by which a victim of an unlawful arrest or detention or a miscarriage of justice may seek and, where justified, obtain compensation from either the responsible individual or the appropriate governmental entity. Entitlement to compensation may be subject to the reasonable requirements of domestic law. (3) That the United States understands the reference to ""exceptional circumstances"" in paragraph 2(a) of Article 10 to permit the imprisonment of an accused person with convicted persons where appropriate in light of an individual's overall dangerousness, and to permit accused persons to waive their right to segregation from convicted persons. The United States further understands that paragraph 3 of Article 10 does not diminish the goals of punishment, deterrence, and incapacitation as additional legitimate purposes for a penitentiary system. (4) That the United States understands that subparagraphs 3(b) and (d) of Article 14 do not require the provision of a criminal defendant's counsel of choice when the defendant is provided with court-appointed counsel on grounds of indigence, when the defendant is financially able to retain alternative counsel, or when imprisonment is not imposed. The United States further understands that paragraph 3(e) does not prohibit a requirement that the defendant make a showing that any witness whose attendance he seeks to compel is necessary for his defense. The United States understands the prohibition upon double jeopardy in paragraph 7 to apply only when the judgement of acquittal has been rendered by a court of the same governmental unit, whether the Federal Government or a constituent unit, as is seeking a new trial for the same cause. (5) That the United States understands that this Covenant shall be implemented by the Federal Government to the extent that it exercises legislative and judicial jurisdiction over the matters covered therein, and otherwise by the state and local governments; to the extent that state and local governments exercise jurisdiction over such matters, the Federal Government shall take measures appropriate to the Federal system to the end that the competent authorities of the state or local governments may take appropriate measures for the fulfillment of the Covenant. III. The Senate's advice and consent is subject to the following declarations: (1) That the United States declares that the provisions of Articles 1 through 27 of the Covenant are not self-executing. (2) That it is the view of the United States that States Party to the Covenant should wherever possible refrain from imposing any restrictions or limitations on the exercise of the rights recognized and protected by the Covenant, even when such restrictions and limitations are permissible under the terms of the Covenant. For the United States, Article 5, paragraph 2, which provides that fundamental human rights existing in any State Party may not be diminished on the pretext that the Covenant recognizes them to a lesser extent, has particular relevance to Article 19, paragraph 3, which would permit certain restrictions on the freedom of expression. The United States declares that it will continue to adhere to the requirements and constraints of its Constitution in respect to all such restrictions and limitations. (3) That the United States declares that it accepts the competence of the Human Rights Committee to receive and consider communications under Article 41 in which a State Party claims that another State Party is not fulfilling its obligations under the Covenant. (4) That the United States declares that the right referred to in Article 47 may be exercised only in accordance with international law. IV. The Senate's advice and consent is subject to the following proviso, which shall not be included in the instrument of ratification to be deposited by the President: Nothing in this Covenant requires or authorizes legislation, or other action, by the United States of America prohibited by the Constitution of the United States as interpreted by the United States.

" 95-21,95,21,AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS,Human Rights,1978-02-23T00:00:00Z,,,"95-21, AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS, INTER-AMERICAN, RIGHTS, T.DOC. 95-21", 95-17,95,17,"AGREEMENT WITH THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY FOR THE APPLICATION OF SAFEGUARDS ON THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, WITH PROTOCOL",International Law and Organization,1978-02-09T00:00:00Z,1980-12-09T00:00:00Z,,"APPLICATION OF SAFEGUARDS, ATOMIC ENERGY, ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, NUCLEAR, NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES, SAFEGUARDS IN USA", 95-16,95,16,1977 INTERNATIONAL SUGAR AGREEMENT,Commercial,1978-01-25T00:00:00Z,,,"INTERNATIONAL SUGAR AGREEMENT, INTERNATIONAL SUGAR AGREEMENT, 1977, SUGAR, SUGAR AGREEMENT", 95-15,95,15,RECIPROCAL FISHERIES AGREEMENT WITH THE UNITED KINGDOM,Fisheries and Wildlife,1977-10-07T00:00:00Z,,United Kingdom,"FISHERIES, FISHERIES AGREEMENT, RECIPROCAL FISHERIES AGREEMENT, UNITED KINGDOM", 95-13,95,13,TIR CONVENTION,Commercial,1977-07-26T00:00:00Z,,,"CARNETS, CUSTOMS, CUSTOMS CONVENTION, INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT OF GOODS, REVISED CUSTOMS CONVENTION, TIR CARNETS, TRANSPORT OF GOODS", 95-12,95,12,1973 PROTOCOL RELATING TO INTERVENTION ON THE HIGH SEAS IN CASES OF MARINE POLLUTION BY SUBSTANCES OTHER THAN OIL,Shipping and Marine Pollution,1977-07-25T00:00:00Z,1983-03-30T00:00:00Z,,"CASES OF MARINE POLLUTION, IMCO, INTERVENTION ON THE HIGH SEAS, MARINE POLLUTION, POLLUTION, POLLUTION OF SUBSTANCES OTHER THAN OIL, SHIPPING", 95-11,95,11,CONVENTION WITH THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY BIRDS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT,Fisheries and Wildlife,1977-07-18T00:00:00Z,,U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union),"BIRDS, CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY BIRDS, ENVIRONMENT, MIGRATORY BIRDS, MIGRATORY BIRDS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT, UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, USSR", 95-10,95,10,SECOND PROTOCOL TO THE 1975 TAX CONVENTION WITH THE UNITED KINGDOM,Taxation,1977-06-06T00:00:00Z,,United Kingdom,"INCOME TAX, SECOND PROTOCOL, TAX, TAX PROTOCOL, TAXATION, UNITED KINGDOM", 95-8,95,8,TREATY WITH CANADA ON THE EXECUTION OF PENAL SENTENCES,Fisheries and Wildlife,1977-04-18T00:00:00Z,,Canada,"CANADA, EXECUTION OF PENAL SENTENCES, PENAL SENTENCES, PRISONERS, SENTENCES", 95-9,95,9,EXTRADITION TREATY WITH FINLAND,Extradition and Criminal Assistance,1977-04-18T00:00:00Z,,Finland,"EXTRADITION, EXTRADITION TREATY, FINLAND", 95-7,95,7,"PROTOCOL WITH CANADA TO AMEND THE CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION, PRESERVATION, AND EXTENSION OF THE SOCKEYE SALMON FISHERIES IN THE FRASER RIVER SYSTEM, AS AMENDED",Fisheries and Wildlife,1977-03-31T00:00:00Z,1980-10-15T00:00:00Z,Canada,"CANADA, CONSERVATION, FISHERIES, FRASER RIVER, FRASER RIVER SYSTEM, SALMON, SOCKEYE SALMON, SOCKEYE SALMON FISHERIES", 95-6,95,6,AGREEMENT WITH CANADA CONCERNING TRANSIT PIPELINES,Commercial,1977-03-30T00:00:00Z,,Canada,"CANADA, ENVIRONMENT, PIPELINES, TRANSIT PIPELINES", 95-5,95,5,"INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS, WITH ANNEXES AND PROTOCOLS",Shipping and Marine Pollution,1977-03-22T00:00:00Z,,multilateral,"POLLUTION, POLLUTION FROM SHIPS, PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS, SHIPPING", 95-4,95,4,TREATY WITH MEXICO ON THE EXECUTION OF PENAL SENTENCES,Extradition and Criminal Assistance,1977-02-15T00:00:00Z,,Mexico,"EXECUTION OF PENAL SENTENCES, MEXICO, PENAL SENTENCES, PRISONERS, SENTENCES", 95-3,95,3,INCOME TAX CONVENTION WITH THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES,Taxation,1977-01-19T00:00:00Z,1982-10-16T00:00:00Z,Philippines,"INCOME TAX, PHILIPPINES, TAX, TAXATION", 95-2-A,95,2,"TWO RELATED PROTOCOLS TO THE CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE BY AIR, AS AMENDED",Aviation,1977-01-14T00:00:00Z,,,"AVIATION, CARRIAGE BY AIR, CARRIAGE BY AIR PROTOCOLS, CARRIAGE BY AIR RULES, INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE BY AIR, MONTREAL PROTOCOL NO. 3, MONTREAL PROTOCOL NO. 4, MONTREAL PROTOCOLS, UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES","[101] TreatyRes. 11 for Treaty Doc. 95 - 2

TEXT OF RESOLUTION OF RATIFICATION AS REPORTED BY THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS: Resolved, (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein), That the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of Additional Protocol No. 3 to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, signed at Warsaw on October 12, 1929, as Amended by the Protocols done at The Hague, September 28, 1955, and at Guatemala City, March 8, 1971 (hereinafter, Montreal Protocol No. 3); and Montreal Protocol No. 4 to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, signed at Warsaw on October 12, 1929 as Amended by the Protocol done at The Hague on September 8, 1955 (hereinafter Montreal Protocol No. 4), proved that: (1) the President shall not deposit the instruments of ratification for the United States until he has determined that a satisfactory supplemental compensation plan, as reviewed and approved by the Secretary of Transportation, will be in operation for the United States; and (2) the President shall give notice of denunciation of these protocols by the United States if, at any time after their entry into force for the United States, he determines that a satisfactory supplemental compensation plan, as periodically reviewed by the Secretary of Transportation in light of new economic or other relevant circumstances, is not in operation for the United States, or that the best interests of U.S. airline passengers are not otherwise served by continued adherence to these protocols by the United States; and (3) the U.S. Government shall continue actively to seek to negotiate higher limits on the liability of carriers than those provided under these protocols.

" 95-2-B,95,2,"TWO RELATED PROTOCOLS TO THE CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE BY AIR, AS AMENDED",Aviation,1977-01-14T00:00:00Z,,,"AVIATION, CARRIAGE BY AIR, CARRIAGE BY AIR PROTOCOLS, CARRIAGE BY AIR RULES, INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE BY AIR, MONTREAL PROTOCOL NO. 3, MONTREAL PROTOCOL NO. 4, MONTREAL PROTOCOLS, UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES","[101] TreatyRes. 11 for Treaty Doc. 95 - 2

TEXT OF RESOLUTION OF RATIFICATION AS REPORTED BY THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS: Resolved, (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein), That the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of Additional Protocol No. 3 to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, signed at Warsaw on October 12, 1929, as Amended by the Protocols done at The Hague, September 28, 1955, and at Guatemala City, March 8, 1971 (hereinafter, Montreal Protocol No. 3); and Montreal Protocol No. 4 to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, signed at Warsaw on October 12, 1929 as Amended by the Protocol done at The Hague on September 8, 1955 (hereinafter Montreal Protocol No. 4), proved that: (1) the President shall not deposit the instruments of ratification for the United States until he has determined that a satisfactory supplemental compensation plan, as reviewed and approved by the Secretary of Transportation, will be in operation for the United States; and (2) the President shall give notice of denunciation of these protocols by the United States if, at any time after their entry into force for the United States, he determines that a satisfactory supplemental compensation plan, as periodically reviewed by the Secretary of Transportation in light of new economic or other relevant circumstances, is not in operation for the United States, or that the best interests of U.S. airline passengers are not otherwise served by continued adherence to these protocols by the United States; and (3) the U.S. Government shall continue actively to seek to negotiate higher limits on the liability of carriers than those provided under these protocols.

" 95-2,95,2,"TWO RELATED PROTOCOLS TO THE CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE BY AIR, AS AMENDED",Aviation,1977-01-14T00:00:00Z,,,"AVIATION, CARRIAGE BY AIR, CARRIAGE BY AIR PROTOCOLS, CARRIAGE BY AIR RULES, INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE BY AIR, MONTREAL PROTOCOL NO. 3, MONTREAL PROTOCOL NO. 4, MONTREAL PROTOCOLS, UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES","[101] TreatyRes. 11 for Treaty Doc. 95 - 2

TEXT OF RESOLUTION OF RATIFICATION AS REPORTED BY THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS: Resolved, (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein), That the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of Additional Protocol No. 3 to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, signed at Warsaw on October 12, 1929, as Amended by the Protocols done at The Hague, September 28, 1955, and at Guatemala City, March 8, 1971 (hereinafter, Montreal Protocol No. 3); and Montreal Protocol No. 4 to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, signed at Warsaw on October 12, 1929 as Amended by the Protocol done at The Hague on September 8, 1955 (hereinafter Montreal Protocol No. 4), proved that: (1) the President shall not deposit the instruments of ratification for the United States until he has determined that a satisfactory supplemental compensation plan, as reviewed and approved by the Secretary of Transportation, will be in operation for the United States; and (2) the President shall give notice of denunciation of these protocols by the United States if, at any time after their entry into force for the United States, he determines that a satisfactory supplemental compensation plan, as periodically reviewed by the Secretary of Transportation in light of new economic or other relevant circumstances, is not in operation for the United States, or that the best interests of U.S. airline passengers are not otherwise served by continued adherence to these protocols by the United States; and (3) the U.S. Government shall continue actively to seek to negotiate higher limits on the liability of carriers than those provided under these protocols.

" 95-1,95,1,PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION,Aviation,1977-01-11T00:00:00Z,,,"AVIATION, CIVIL AVIATION, CIVIL AVIATION CONVENTION PROTOCOL, CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONL CIVIL AVIATION, INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION", 95-14-A,95,14,,,,,,, 95-14-B,95,14,,,,,,,